Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. Eratosthenes was an Ancient Greek scientist born in the town of Cyrene in about 276 BC. This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. He established the value of each degree in 700 stadiums and a total circumference of 252,000, corresponding to approximately 39,691 kilometers, since the stadium was a difficult measure to determine. Why do you suppose the residents of Alexandria became hostile to the librarians and the many achievements of the library? Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. He described the geography of the world into two parts: (i) Europa, and (ii) Libya (Africa including Asia). 2006. Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 13. He invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world. It is not known when he wrote his works, but they highlighted his abilities. He also measured the length of the shadow on the ground. There he first coined the term "geography" and used his discoveries regarding the size and shape of the earth to represent it. Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. Definition of Oceanography 1. [5] He adopted view of Aristotle & regarded the shape of the earth as sphere. Eratosthenes was an illustrious ancient Greek polymath who had expertise in mathematics, astronomy and geography. He is known as the Father of Mathematics. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. At that time he also wrote Peri agathn kai kakn, a text that was lost. What was the major contribution of Ptolemy? In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. He was the first to affirm that the heavy rains in the headwaters could explain the floods in the lower part of the flow. Despite the fact that in Greek times young people from wealthy families had more access to education, there were male academies. Starting with the first prime number, two, all multiples of two are crossed off. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ptolemy made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, geography, musical theory, and optics. He created a method known as the Siege of Eratosthenes by which he calculated the prime numbers. Then he continued: "And do not try to understand the intricate tasks of the Archytas cylinders or the triple cuts of the cone of Menechmus or what the curved figure of the divine Eudoxus describes in its lines, because in these tablets you will easily find thousands of means even starting from poor start . Even though they were worriors, they had a huge impact on Oceanography today. Moreover, he conceived the peninsula of India Pointing towards the south-west, instead of south. Eratosthenes was a lover of the theater and wrote a series of twelve books which he titled Old Comedy. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of about 7.2 from the vertical. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference, and invented the latitude/longitude system. Notable explorations were undertaken by the Greeks, the Romans, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, the Portuguese and Muslims. History of Oceanography TIMELINE PDF Image Zoom Out. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. [2], Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure. The Arabs were the great contributors in the field of mathematical, physical and regional geography. 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? Princeton University Press, 2013. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. 2. Eratosthenes only surviving work is Catasterisms, a book about the constellations, which gives a description and story for each constellation, as well as a count of the number of stars contained in it, but the attribution of this work has been doubted by some scholars. Eratosthenes (c. 276194 bce), who had prepared a map of the Nile valley southward to the latitude of modern Khartoum, anticipated the correct answer when he reported that heavy rains had been observed to fall in the upper reaches of the river and that these History at your fingertips Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceanography Oceanus would be a better name for Earth, since oceans cover 70% surface (most major cities, resources, etc. He calculated the Earth's circumference. Oceanography is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological features of the ocean, including the ocean's ancient history, its current condition, and its future. Definition. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. (40,000 miles). They also expanded the studies in Sophocles. Required fields are marked *. b. Eratosthenes He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. He also calculated the Earth's circumference and was off by less than 150 miles in his. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their "real intent" in recognizing that "in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech". The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is dubbed the father of geography. He was the first to use the word geography, and he also had a small-scale understanding of the planet that helped him determine the earths circumference. They believed only rivers had currents, and named this mass of water okeanos (meaning river), from which we derived our term . The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. In Athens he met so many philosophers that he was both amazed and overwhelmed. Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined ( in the case of single individual bungalows) and the height of the roof in buildings etc. He also devised a system for discovering prime numbers as whole numbers that can only be divided by themselves or the number 1. In this book Eratosthenes denounced. Later, the Greeks speculated on the idea that the earth was round. Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. III. In addition to calculating Earths circumference, Eratosthenes created the Sieve of Eratosthenes (a procedure for finding prime numbers), tried to fix the dates of literary and political events since the siege of Troy, and is thought to have created the armillary sphere (an early astronomical device for representing the great circles of the heavens). Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth, invents latitude and longitude 230 B.C. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. Who Eratosthenes was and what his contribution to math is? On oceanography he was considered an . in. Who can fully deduct traditional IRA contributions? He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. Hermes It was one of his works, in which he addressed the life of the god, and another was named Erigone. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. The numbers from one to 400 are written in a table, with the numbers one to 20 across the top row. Geography consisted of eight volumes. Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. Cars &vehicles (9) Hutchinson's Biography Database 1. Term. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. 1. Vol. OCEANOGRAPHY-Study of the Oceans Contributions of the ancients 1. Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. Homers Iliad and The Odyssey were thought to be the first books on the subject. In addition, he calculated approximate distances between them. Unfortunately, other than a few scraps, little remains of Eratosthenes original work. Eratosthenes. He spent most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Bacon is a piece of salt-cured pork cut from the belly of a pig. Geographers look at both the physical properties of the Earths surface and the human societies that live on it. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In the text, he described the inhabited earth and the people who lived there. The actual circumference of the Earth is 24,874 miles (40,032 kilometers). Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. [10] He then studied under Aristo of Chios, who led a more cynical school of philosophy. salinity, waves, tides and winds. What were Eratosthenes major achievements? Eratosthenes had a significant impact on science and mathematics. He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. He may have measured the distances from Earth to both the Moon and to the Sun, but the historical accounts of both deeds are rather cryptic. So he trained and became famous as an academic. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. [6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. Geography consisted of eight volumes. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Bailey, Ellen. These works and his great poetic abilities led the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC. Guillaumin (eds.). Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Thus began the fame of Eratosthenes, since in his new field he achieved the recognition he had desired. Youll get a, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. Eratosthenes' is believed to be the first person to attempt a determination of the size of the Earth through measurement. Eratosthenes died in Alexandria, approximately in 194 BC, when he was 82 years old. Eckerman, Chris. For his studies on the earth, Eratosthenes is known as the "father of geography." Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. The first book of "Geography" contained a summary of existing geographical work and Eratosthenes' speculations about the nature of the planet Earth. He made a catalog of 675 stars. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. He returned to Cyrene and made such a name for himself in scholarly endeavors that the Greek ruler of Egypt brought him to Alexandria to tutor his son. At present it is known that the equatorial diameter is 40,075 kilometers. He is also regarded as the Father of Geography.. The two cities used were Alexandria and Syene (modern Aswan), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional bematists. Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist, or humanist whose field of study is geography. During the Middle Ages, most scholars accepted Eratosthenes' circumference, though Christopher Columbus used Posidonius' measurement to convince his supporters that he could quickly reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. What makes the scientific discipline of geography different from other science disciplines is its emphasis on space, place, and connection. Trigonometry in the modern sense began with the Greeks. However, he never wanted to specialize in a single subject, for which some reproached him. 2011. 22, No. G. Argoud, J.Y. Oceanic area = 303x10^6km^2 (59.4%) 11.5% of Earth is continent below sea level. In the same way, he wrote poetry and his themes included the stories of the constellations. Geography is a chorographic discipline. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. 5 best Master's degrees in Clinical and Health Psychology to study in Spain, The 40 phrases of Michael Jackson, the King of Pop, 7 keys for someone to open up more to you, The 10 most romantic cities on the planet, Social behavior: definition and explanatory theories, Postcoital dysphoria: symptoms, causes and treatment, Scriptophobia: symptoms, causes and treatment, Nematodes: characteristics, classification, reproduction, nutrition, Specialized texts: characteristics, structure, types, examples. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. Eratosthenes was afflicted by blindness in his old age, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation. Ben-Avraham et al. He made two important contributions, out of which one was later proved wrong, while the other was right, but it was overlooked for a long time. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician with a strong interest in geography. Your email address will not be published. Among the archives that were at the disposal of Eratosthenes, the distance between Siena and Alexandria was stated to be 5000 stadia. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. And afterwards, Uranio Zeus, may the scepter of your hand guide it. He died c. 194 BCE, Alexandria, Egypt. Who is father of geography in India? In 1609 he published Astronomia Nova, delineating his discoveries, which are now called Keplers first two laws of planetary motion. He also made a chart with the chronology of the Egyptian kings of Thebes, wrote about the conquests of Alexander the Great, and made a description of Greece at that time. He estimated the Earths circumference to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. What are the most common nonsilicate, Your floor (length x width) can be used to calculate your square footage. In the 1960's, Eratosthenes crater was identified by Gene Shoemaker and Robert Hackman as a key stratigraphic marker delimiting the longest period (Eratosthenian) of the lunar timescale, thought to range from about 3.2 to 1.1 billion years old! Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation posted on: Nov 4, 2015 The world's earliest geographical and navigational charts were developed by Canaanites who, probably simultaneously with the Egyptians, discovered the Atlantic Ocean. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. Despite not having a prominent ancestry, Eratosthenes did come from a city that had achieved recognition by the men who were born in it. With these data (length of the shadow and length of the rod), Eratosthenes calculated the angle of the sun's rays in 1/50 of a circumference. Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well. Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. James Rennell has been dubbed the Father of Indian Geography, as well as the Father of Oceanography for his pioneering work on oceanography. Eratosthenes went to Alexandria and found out that the light hit the earth at an angle of 7.2 degrees. Eratosthenes also did other things that are known today. Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. Whats The Difference Between Dutch And French Braids? He did not use the mythological descriptions that were common at the time, but relied on military texts to carry out his work. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. Technology such as electronics and space travel have provided important contributions to oceanography. % complete . But Eratosthenes, who had wide-ranging interests including poetry, theatre and ethics, was first and foremost an astronomer, and Alexandria was the place to go for astronomical studies.